Stephanidae are usually rare in collections.
However, this may be related to the lack of efficient collecting techniques
for the group. Sweeping, Malaise traps, and light traps usually yield
a low number of stephanids, even in areas where they are known to be abundant
(pers obs. and pers. comm. with collectors). Neither the literature nor
in labels of 3000 museum specimens examined by the senior author, have
any record of Stephanidae collected with yellow pan traps, an effective
trapping method for many Hymenoptera (Masner 1976; Noyes 1989).
During a collecting trip to St. Catherines
Island (Georgia, USA), September 18-25, 1996, we set 155 yellow and
39 blue pan traps (Solo™ party plates and bowls), on ground level with
water / detergent as a collecting medium. The traps were used for three
days, in two sites: (1) an open area (oak savanna) with grassy vegetation,
surrounded by oak-pine forest (112 yellow, 15 blue), and (2) a shaded
area at the edge of oak-pine forest, with many fallen branches and dead
trees scattered around (43 yellow, 24 blue). Site 2 was chosen as a probable
habitat for Stephanidae, usually found on or around dead standing or fallen
trees (Gauld 1995, and pers. obs.). On the first day 3 specimens
of Megischus bicolor (Westwood) (Stephanidae) were collected in
blue pans on site 2. After that, the 15 blue traps from site 1 were transferred
to site 2, resulting in a total of 43 yellow and 39 blue pan traps. No
stephanids were caught on the second day, and four more female M. bicolor
were collected in blue pans on the third day.
The fact that all stephanids were collected
only in blue traps strongly suggests a preference of that color to yellow.,
and that the use of blue pan traps can be an effective trapping technique
for these insects. This is in agreement with Kirk's (1984) observation
that white or blue pan traps work as well as, or better than yellow in
attracting predators and parasites not associated with foliage. Preference
for white and blue was also observed in Encyrtidae and Pompilidae (Weseloh
1986; Berglind 1993), and in females of Andrena limnanthis
(Andrenidae) (Leong and Thorp 1995).
We thank St. Catherines Island Foundation (American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY) for providing funds for research on the island, and to Mr. Royce Hayes (St. Catherines Island, GA) for his valuable assistance.
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Anoplius caviventris (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) in
Sweden. Entomologisk
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Gauld, I. D. 1995. Stephanidae, pp. 181-184. In:
Hanson, P.E. & I. D. Gauld (eds.). The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica.
Oxford University
Press.
Kirk, W. D. J. 1984. Ecologically selective coloured
traps. Ecological Entomology 9: 35-41.
Leong, J.M., and Thorp, R. W. 1995. Pan traps and oligolectic
bees: an alternative sampling method using the
color prefernces
of specialist bee pollinators. Abstracts of papers and posters, International
Society of
Hymenopterists
Third Annual Conference, August 12-17, 1995, University of California,
Davis, CA: 17.
Masner, L., 1976. Yellow pan traps (Moericke traps, Assiettes
jaunes). Proctos 2(2): 2.
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special reference
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of forest parasitic Hymenoptera: inferences from captures on colored
sticky traps. Environmental Entomology 15(1): 64-70.